BIMnews+The Evolution of BIM

本文转自：兰天_Brian

写在前面

Here we explore 3D, 4D, 5D and 6D building information modelling (BIM), and show how adding extra information can make for more timely decisions – and ultimately better buildings.

在这里，我们探索3D、4D、5D和6D建筑信息建模(BIM)，并展示如何添加额外的信息可以做出更及时的决策，并最终更好的建筑。

what is BIM ?

BIM is a process for creating and managing information on a construction project, throughout the project’s life cycle.

As part of this process, a coordinated digital description of every aspect of the built asset is developed, using a set of appropriate technology.

It is likely that this digital description includes a combination of information-rich 3D models and associated structured data such as product, execution and handover information.

Internationally, the BIM process and associated data structures are best defined in the ISO 19650 and 12006 series of standards.

what are BIM dimensions ?

BIM dimensions have evolved from a need to differentiate between modelling geometry in two or three dimensions.

This has been part of the modelling evolution, moving from drawing boards to the first 2D CAD systems, to 3D modelling packages.

Adding further aspects to this modelling can help project teams understand what information they are setting out to model.

4D is commonly known as ‘modelling scheduling information to model construction sequences’.

5D is known as ‘adding financial cost’. There is little international consensus beyond this, and arguably cost isn’t a ‘dimension’ at all – it is just a further information field.

At NBS, and in the international standards, these dimensions are not typically referred to. If specific information is required to be modelled, it is far better to be clear on precisely what this information is than to use terminology such as 5D, 6D or 7D, etc.

For example, if an appointing party wants health and safety, fire safety, inclusive design and sustainability information modelled then this information need should be identified clearly in the information requirements that are issued to the project team.

Furthermore, they should state precisely which information fields are required, and in which format.

For example, for sustainability, is it the embodied carbon in CO2e/kg measured to standard X for all structural materials? And for cost, is it the replacement cost and expected life measured in pounds sterling and months?

例如，在可持续性方面，是否所有结构材料的CO2e/kg中包含的碳以X标准衡量?至于成本，是以英镑和月来衡量的重置成本和预期寿命吗?

That said, the more commonly used ‘dimensions of BIM’ are looked at in this article. They may be useful phrases to help begin conversations with clients, to demonstrate the various BIM use cases and to help develop more precise requirements.

2D -- BIM

2D BIM is a digital geometric model that constitutes an X and a Y axis associated with further information. Early CAD systems were 2D models, where plans and sections could be developed on computers more quickly and more accurately than manually, on a drawing board.

More advanced modelling tools now allow parameters, constraints and concepts to be attached to the 2D model. However, most in the industry would not consider 2D geometry models as BIM.

3D -- BIM

3D BIM is a digital geometric model that constitutes an X, Y and Z axis associated with further information. 3D modelling tools have been a huge success because:

• 2D views of geometric information can be generated from the 3D model at different levels of detail.
• Schedules can be generated, reporting on objects of different types within the 3D model.
• Multiple 3D models can be combined to report on any geometric clashes.

All of these features greatly improve accuracy and efficiency, and reduce the risk of errors occurring on projects.Furthermore, where specific information is added or linked to these models then further benefits can be seen.

所有这些特性都极大地提高了准确性和效率，并减少了项目中发生错误的风险。此外，在特定信息被添加或链接到这些模型的地方，可以看到进一步的好处。

At NBS, we encourage all objects in a 3D model to be classified consistently using the Uniclass 2015 classification scheme (the UK implementation of ISO 12006-2). 

We also encourage specification information to be linked to the objects to provide a richer set of coordinated information.

我们还鼓励将规范信息链接到对象，以提供更丰富的协调信息集。

If specification information is stored in a cloud tool such as NBS Chorus then detailed decisions can be made and stored in a database that is separate from the 3D model. This has the advantage of keeping the 3D model more simple, while still coordinating and reporting on a complex information set.

如果规格信息存储在诸如NBS Chorus这样的云工具中，则可以制定详细的决策，并将其存储在与3D模型分离的数据库中。这样做的优点是保持3D模型更简单，同时仍然对复杂的信息集进行协调和报告。

4D -- BIM

4D BIM is adding scheduling information to model construction sequences. Adding a dimension of time allows the project team to better visualize how the construction will be sequenced. From a contractor point of view, this is vital. 

4D BIM was a huge step forward for the industry when first made possible through the use of new modelling tools – it demonstrated collaboration between the design and construction team through coordination and sharing of 3D models.

4D BIM正在将调度信息添加到模型建造序列中。添加一个时间维度可以让项目团队更好地可视化构建将如何排序。从承包商的角度来看，这是至关重要的。

4D BIM是一个巨大的进步，首次通过使用新的建模工具成为可能，它展示了设计和施工团队之间的协作，通过协调和共享3D模型。

5D -- BIM

5D BIM is generally considered to be adding cost information to a model. 

If discussing 5D BIM, it is advised to clearly set out these specific requirements. 

For example, is the team expected to be providing capital or operational costs? 

Are these costs expected to be pre-tender estimates or a record of as-built costs? 

Who is responsible for adding this information? 

What method of measurement is to be used?

5D BIM通常被认为是将成本信息添加到模型中。

如果讨论5D BIM，建议明确这些具体要求。

例如，团队是否需要提供资本或运营成本?

这些费用预计是投标前的预算还是建造成本的记录?

谁负责添加这些信息?

使用什么测量方法?

6D -- BIM

6D BIM is considered by some to be adding facility management to the information set. However, there is little industry consensus on this, and arguably this isn’t a ‘dimension’ at all. If discussing 6D BIM, it is strongly advised to set out precisely what is required so that all parties have a clear understanding.

有些人认为6D BIM将设施管理添加到信息集中。然而，在这一点上几乎没有行业共识，可以说这根本不是一个“维度”。如果讨论6D BIM，强烈建议准确地列出需要什么，以便各方有一个明确的理解。

7D BIM is considered by some to be adding sustainability information to the information set. As with 6D BIM, be sure to carefully define the specific information required in terms of data types, scope, units, rules of measure, etc.

一些人认为7D BIM将可持续性信息添加到信息集中。与6D BIM一样，一定要仔细定义所需的具体信息，如数据类型、范围、单位、测量规则等。

8D BIM is considered by some to be adding health and safety information to the information set. As with 6D BIM, be sure to carefully define the specific information required in terms of data types, scope, units, rules of measure, etc.

一些人认为8D BIM将健康和安全信息添加到信息集。与6D BIM一样，一定要仔细定义所需的具体信息，如数据类型、范围、单位、测量规则等。

写在最后

Final thoughts

Using dimensions to define information requirements can be helpful to start conversations in terms of extracting client requirements or understanding potential deliverables.

使用维度来定义信息需求有助于在提取客户需求或理解潜在的可交付成果方面展开对话。

However, what may be more helpful is using a guide such as the RIBA Plan of Work, in combination with the ISO 19650 and ISO 12006 series of standards, to understand what types of information are required throughout a project.

然而，可能更有帮助的是使用指南，如RIBA工作计划，结合ISO 19650和ISO 12006系列标准，以了解在整个项目中需要什么类型的信息。

The RIBA Plan of Work lists the key project strategies such as fire safety, sustainability, inclusive design, planning for use, etc. These are then broken down; for example, sustainability is explored in terms of operational carbon or connectivity and transport.

RIBA的工作计划列出主要项目策略，例如消防安全、可持续发展、综合设计、规划用途等。然后这些被分解;例如，可持续性从运营碳或连接和运输方面进行探索。

It is advised to examine the needs of a project, then to understand the information that is required, when it is required and who is responsible for developing it.

建议检查项目的需求，然后了解需要的信息，何时需要，以及谁负责开发它。